2026-09-21 · Équipe éditoriale KeXinMaterials

ISO 15118 Plug + Charge + V2G + Smart Charging Deep Dive Mallette B2B Guide

ISO 15118 est la norme mondiale pour communication numérique VE + V2G. Édition 1 + Édition 2. PnC + V2G + Smart Charging.

ISO 15118 Scope + Editions + Architecture

ISO 15118 Edition 1 (2014) + Edition 2 (ISO 15118-20:2022). 8 parts. EV-EVSE-Grid communication architecture.

ISO 15118:2014 + Amd 1:2015 + Amd 2:2020: "Road vehicles - Vehicle to grid communication interface" Edition 1 (2014 + Amd 1:2015 + Amd 2:2020). Currently active Edition 1.

ISO 15118-20:2022: "Part 20: 2nd generation network and application protocol requirements" Edition 2 in development. Higher-level features.

ISO 15118 scope: EV-EVSE communication + V2G + smart charging + plug + charge + authentication + authorization + billing + schedule + grid services.

ISO 15118 architecture: OSI 7-layer model + TCP/IP + IPv6 + TLS 1.3 + HTTP + JSON + WebSocket + Power Line Communication (PLC).

ISO 15118 series: 15118-1 (general + use cases) + 15118-2 (network + application) + 15118-3 (physical + data link) + 15118-4 (network conformance) + 15118-5 (physical conformance) + 15118-7 (network + application conformance for Edition 2) + 15118-8 (wireless) + 15118-20 (Edition 2).

ISO 15118-1:2019 Edition 2: General information + use case definition. Charging + V2G + wireless + bidirectional + smart charging.

ISO 15118-2:2014: Network + application protocol. TCP/IP + IPv6 + TLS + HTTP + JSON + XML.

ISO 15118-3:2015: Physical + data link layer. PLC over Control Pilot per HomePlug Green PHY. ISO 15118-20 Edition 2 adds wireless + multi-protocol.

ISO 15118-8:2020: Physical + data link layer for wireless communication. Wi-Fi + Bluetooth + NFC + 5G.

ISO 15118-20:2022: Edition 2. Higher-level + V2G + smart charging + wireless + multi-protocol + post-quantum cryptography (PQC).

Communication layers per ISO 15118: (1) AC + DC charging identification + pilot signal (IEC 61851-1 + IEC 62196-2/3). (2) SLAC (Signal Level Attenuation Characterization) for PLC. (3) Logical Link Control + IPv6 + TCP + TLS. (4) HTTP + XML/JSON payload. (5) V2G messages + AC/DC + Schedule + Charging Profile + Metering + Pricing + Discharge.

Geographic adoption: Globally adopted. Required by major OEMs + EVSE manufacturers + charging network operators. EU + US + Japan + China + Korea + global.

B2B relevance: For B2B EV charging infrastructure cases, ISO 15118 compliance + PnC + V2G + Edition 2 per market is procurement requirement.

Plug + Charge (PnC) + External Identification (EIM)

Plug + Charge (PnC) automatic authentication + External Identification Means (EIM) + certificates + Hubject + Greenlots + Driivz.

Plug + Charge (PnC) per ISO 15118: Automatic authentication + authorization + billing. EV + EVSE exchange digital certificates + identify EV + identify contract + start charging. No card + app + auth needed.

PnC workflow: (1) EV plugged into EVSE. (2) SLAC handshake per HomePlug Green PHY. (3) TCP/IP + TLS 1.3 handshake. (4) EV sends OEM Provisioning Certificate (OPC) + Contract Certificate Chain. (5) EVSE sends SECC (Supply Equipment Communication Controller) certificate. (6) Mutual authentication. (7) EV selects contract. (8) EVSE starts charging per contract terms.

PnC ecosystem: OEM Provisioning Certificate (OPC) + Contract Certificate Chain (CCC) + EVSE Root certificate + Hubject PKI + Greenlots PKI + Driivz PKI + Hubject OCSP (Online Certificate Status Protocol).

Hubject: Germany-based PnC platform. Subsidiary of Volkswagen + BMW + Daimler + Audi + Porsche + EnBW + Enel X + Hubject + E.ON + ESB + Statkraft + Verbund + others. Largest PnC ecosystem globally.

Greenlots: US-based PnC + EV charging platform. Acquired by Shell in 2019. Renewed as Shell Recharge Solutions.

Driivz: Israel-based EV charging + fleet management platform. Acquired by Geveva + Octopus + Vatenfall + others.

ChargePoint OCPI integration: ChargePoint OCPI roaming + ISO 15118 PnC + OCPP 2.0.1.

PNC certificate types: OEM Provisioning Certificate (OPC) per ISO 15118 + Contract Certificate Chain (CCC) + Secondary Contract + EVCC Certificate + EVSE SECC Certificate.

PnC certificate validation: OCSP per RFC 6960. CRL per RFC 5280. ECDSA + RSA + Ed25519 + PQC algorithms.

PnC certificate lifecycle: Issuance + provisioning + activation + usage + revocation + renewal + archival. ISO 15118-20 adds lifecycle management.

PnC benefits: (1) Automatic authentication - no card / app. (2) Automatic authorization - plug + charge. (3) Automatic billing - per contract. (4) Roaming - across networks. (5) Privacy - per ISO 15118-20 PQC. (6) User experience - seamless. (7) Security - TLS 1.3 + X.509 + OCSP.

PnC limitations: Requires PKI + OCSP + roaming agreements + cybersecurity. Hubject + Greenlots + Driivz + others. Per market. EV-side certificate provisioning required.

External Identification Means (EIM) per ISO 15118: Alternative to PnC. EV user uses RFID card + smartphone app + credit card + ISO 15118-20 ID to authenticate + start charging.

EIM methods: (1) RFID card (ISO 14443 + ISO 15693). (2) NFC + smartphone app. (3) Credit card + EMV contact / contactless. (4) QR code + smartphone app. (5) License plate recognition. (6) PIN code.

EIM vs PnC: PnC is automatic. EIM requires user action. PnC requires PKI + OCSP + roaming agreements. EIM requires card / app / RFID reader. PnC scales globally. EIM scales per operator.

PnC + EIM combined: Modern EVSE supports both. PnC for compatible EVs + EIM for non-compatible + roaming + non-subscriber + emergency.

PnC compliance + security: ISO 15118 + ISO 27001 + ISO 27017 + ISO 27018 + SOC 2 + UN R155 + IEC 62443 + EU Cyber Resilience Act.

B2B relevance: For B2B EV charging cases, ISO 15118 PnC + EIM + Hubject + OCSP + TLS 1.3 + cybersecurity is procurement requirement for global EV charging market.

V2G + V2H + V2L + Smart Charging + IEC 61850

V2G (Vehicle-to-Grid) + V2H (Vehicle-to-Home) + V2L (Vehicle-to-Load) + bidirectional charging + grid services + IEC 61850 + smart charging.

V2G (Vehicle-to-Grid) per ISO 15118: Bidirectional charging. EV battery provides power back to grid. V2G benefits: grid services + demand response + energy arbitrage + backup power + renewable integration.

V2H (Vehicle-to-Home) per ISO 15118: EV battery powers home. Backup power during grid outage. Tesla Powerwall + Ford F-150 Lightning + Nissan Leaf + Hyundai IONIQ 5 + BYD + NIO support V2H.

V2L (Vehicle-to-Load) per ISO 15118: EV battery powers load directly via outlet. Bidirectional adapter. Tesla Cybertruck + Hyundai IONIQ 5 + BYD ATTO 3 + F-150 Lightning support V2L.

V2X (Vehicle-to-Everything) per ISO 15118: V2G + V2H + V2L + V2V (Vehicle-to-Vehicle) + V2I (Vehicle-to-Infrastructure). Connected vehicles + smart grid.

Bidirectional charging per ISO 15118-20: Setpoint scheduling + grid services + scheduling + negotiation + schedule dispatch. EV can discharge + charge per schedule.

Smart charging per ISO 15118: Schedule negotiation between EV + EVSE + grid. Renewable energy integration + peak shaving + load shifting + TOU optimization. Per OCPP 2.0.1 + ISO 15118-20.

Grid services per ISO 15118 + IEC 61850: (1) Frequency regulation + spinning reserve. (2) Voltage support + reactive power. (3) Demand response + load shedding. (4) Energy arbitrage + TOU + peak/off-peak. (5) Backup power + grid resilience. (6) Renewable integration + storage.

IEC 61850 per ISO 15118: Communication between EV + EVSE + substation + distribution system + transmission system. IEC 61850-7-420 DER (Distributed Energy Resources) + IEC 61850-90-7 EVSE + IEC 61850-90-8 V2G.

V2G aggregator + VPP: Virtual Power Plant. Aggregates multiple EVs to provide grid services. Aggregator coordinates EVs + sells grid services to TSO + DSO + utility.

V2G business models: (1) Aggregator owns EVs + sells grid services. (2) EV owner sells grid services directly. (3) Utility owns EVs + V2G infrastructure. (4) Hybrid models. Per market + regulatory framework.

V2G revenue per kWh: Varies per market. EU + Japan + UK more developed. US California + New York + Texas + Massachusetts more developed. Per utility / regulatory.

V2G challenges: Battery degradation (additional cycles) + safety + interoperability + standardization + regulatory + cybersecurity + grid stability.

V2G EVs: Nissan Leaf (CHAdeMO V2X) + Hyundai IONIQ 5 (V2L + future V2G) + Kia EV6 (V2L) + Ford F-150 Lightning (V2H + future V2G) + Tesla Cybertruck (V2L + Powershare future V2G) + BYD (V2L + V2G) + NIO (future V2G) + Lucid (future V2G).

V2G EVs adoption: Currently < 5% globally. Growing rapidly. By 2030 estimated 20-30% globally. Standards + interoperability + regulatory + battery chemistry improvement will accelerate.

V2G chargers: DC AC per Alfen + ABB + Schneider + Wallbox + Tesla + ChargePoint + EVgo + others. V2H/V2L chargers per Wallbox Quasar + Enphase + others.

Cybersecurity per ISO 15118 + UN R155 + IEC 62443: TLS 1.3 + X.509 + OCSP + OCPP 2.0.1 + IEC 62443 SL 2 + UN R155 CSMS. ISO 15118-20 adds PQC.

B2B relevance: For B2B EV charging case with V2G + V2H + V2L + bidirectional charging + smart charging + grid services, ISO 15118-20 + IEC 61850 + UN R155 + IEC 62443 + IEC 61850 compliance is procurement requirement.

B2B Procurement + OCPP 2.0.1 + Cybersecurity + Case Design

OCPP 2.0.1 + IEC 62443 + UN R155 + ISO 15118 PnC + V2G B2B procurement + cost + market entry + case design.

OCPP 2.0.1 (2024) per OCA: Open Charge Point Protocol 2.0.1. Adds smart charging + ISO 15118 PnC + improved cybersecurity + transaction handling + display information + firmware management + diagnostics.

OCPP 2.0.1 + ISO 15118: EVSE + EV communicate per OCPP for charging station management + per ISO 15118 for EV-side communication + PnC interoperability.

OCPP 2.0.1 + IEC 62443: EVSE is IACS component per IEC 62443-4-2. SL 1-4 per IEC 62443-3-3. Required for critical infrastructure EV charging + V2G.

OCPP 2.0.1 + UN R155: Required for EV. Extends to EVSE + V2G + bidirectional. CSMS (Cyber Security Management System) per UN R155. ISO 21434 + ISO 15118 + IEC 62443.

EV charging ecosystem + procurement: (1) EV manufacturer provides ISO 15118 + UN R155 + ISO 21434 + battery + V2G/V2H/V2L. (2) EVSE manufacturer provides IEC 62196 + IEC 61851 + ISO 15118 + OCPP 2.0.1 + IEC 62443 + market approval. (3) Backend provider provides OCPP 2.0.1 server + PnC certificates + roaming. (4) Roaming hub provides OCPI + Hubject + Greenlots + Driivz + OICP. (5) Grid operator provides IEC 61850 + grid services.

B2B procurement workflow: (1) Identify EVSE + market + applicable standards. (2) Verify IEC 62196 + IEC 61851 + ISO 15118 + OCPP 2.0.1. (3) Verify PnC + EIM + V2G capability. (4) Verify IEC 62443 SL 2 + UN R155 CSMS. (5) Verify Hubject + OCPI + OICP + roaming. (6) Verify IEC 61850 + grid services. (7) Verify market-specific approval (CE + UKCA + UL + CCC + PSE + cCSAus).

Cost: IEC 62196 EUR 5-15K. IEC 61851 EUR 10-30K. ISO 15118 EUR 30-80K. OCPP 2.0.1 EUR 5-15K. IEC 62443 SL 2 EUR 30-80K. UN R155 CSMS EUR 100-300K. Hubject onboarding EUR 20-80K. IEC 61850 EUR 30-100K. Total EUR 200-500K per EVSE for global compliance.

Geographic requirements: EU CE + EN IEC 61851-1 + ISO 15118 + IEC 62443 + EN 50672 + EN 50678 + EN 50689 + EN 50696 + RED + EMC + LVD. UKCA + UK Approved Body. US UL 2202 + UL 2251 + UL 2594 + NACS + CCS1 + CHAdeMO + NEVI + UL 991 + UL 1998 + UL 2750 + UN R155 + UN R156. China CCC + GB/T 20234 + GB/T 27930 + GB 39752 + GB/T 41578. Japan PSE + J1772 / CHAdeMO + V2G V2X.

Test lab: TUV SUD + TUV NORD + TUV Rheinland + DNV + LRQA + Bureau Veritas + SGS + Intertek + DEKRA + UL + TUV Rheinland Japan + Applus + CTI + Centre Testing International. All accredited for EV charging compliance.

Common B2B mistakes: (1) Missing IEC 62196 + IEC 61851 per connector + Mode. (2) Missing ISO 15118 PnC + V2G. (3) Missing OCPP 2.0.1. (4) Missing IEC 62443 cybersecurity. (5) Missing UN R155 CSMS. (6) Missing Hubject onboarding. (7) Missing market-specific approval.

Protective case requirements for EV charging: (1) Connector Type per IEC 62196-2/3 + NACS + CHAdeMO + GB/T + MCS. (2) Charging Mode per IEC 61851. (3) ISO 15118 PnC + EIM + V2G + EIM. (4) OCPP 2.0.1 network protocol. (5) IEC 62443 cybersecurity. (6) UN R155 CSMS. (7) IP rating per IEC 60529 (IP54 minimum for outdoor). (8) IK rating per IEC 62262 (IK08 minimum). (9) EMC per IEC 61851 + CISPR 11 + CISPR 32. (10) Operating temperature -30 to +50 °C per IEC 61851-23. (11) Humidity 5-95% RH. (12) Anti-tamper for smart meter.

Common applications: Residential EVSE (Wallbox + JuiceBox + Tesla Wall Connector + ChargePoint Home + Enphase + Wallbox Pulsar Plus) + Commercial AC EVSE (ChargePoint Express 250 + ABB Terra AC + Schneider EVlink + Alfen Eve Single Pro-line) + DC fast charging (ABB Terra HP + Tritium Veefil-PK + Schneider EVlink DC + Signet HPC + Tesla Supercharger + Allego + IONITY + EVgo + Electrify America).

V2G bidirectional charger: Wallbox Quasar + Enphase IQ Bidirectional + Ford Charge Station Pro + Siemens VersiCharge V2G + Schneider EVlink V2G. Up to 11 kW bidirectional. Grid services + V2H + V2L.

B2B procurement workflow integration: (1) IEC 62196 + (2) IEC 61851 + (3) ISO 15118 + (4) OCPP 2.0.1 + (5) IEC 62443 + (6) UN R155 + (7) IEC 61850 + (8) market-specific (CE + UKCA + UL + CCC + PSE + cCSAus) + (9) Hubject onboarding + (10) roaming (OCPI + OICP) + (11) cybersecurity + (12) supplier quality + (13) ISO 9001 + AS9100 + (14) safety + functional safety per IEC 61508.

B2B recommendation: For B2B EV charging case, require IEC 62196 + IEC 61851 + ISO 15118 PnC + V2G + OCPP 2.0.1 + IEC 62443 SL 2 + UN R155 + IEC 61850 + Hubject + market-specific (CE + UKCA + UL + CCC + PSE) + IP54 + IK08 + EMC + operating temperature.

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